From 99bb1e25c24b9ab3a4e8ad0b639ef39799c11aa2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Moritz Gmeiner <moritz@gmeiner.net>
Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2025 15:51:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] I should probably make more commits

---
 .gitignore      |   1 +
 Cargo.lock      | 130 ++++++++++
 Cargo.toml      |  10 +
 README.md       |   1 +
 rustfmt.toml    |  15 ++
 src/bpb.rs      | 618 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/datetime.rs | 112 +++++++++
 src/dir.rs      | 285 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/dump.rs     |  42 ++++
 src/fat.rs      | 376 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/fs_info.rs  |  42 ++++
 src/iter.rs     |  53 +++++
 src/lib.rs      | 255 +++++++++++++++++++-
 src/subslice.rs | 117 +++++++++
 src/utils.rs    |  26 ++
 15 files changed, 2074 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Cargo.lock
 create mode 100644 README.md
 create mode 100644 rustfmt.toml
 create mode 100644 src/bpb.rs
 create mode 100644 src/datetime.rs
 create mode 100644 src/dir.rs
 create mode 100644 src/dump.rs
 create mode 100644 src/fat.rs
 create mode 100644 src/fs_info.rs
 create mode 100644 src/iter.rs
 create mode 100644 src/subslice.rs
 create mode 100644 src/utils.rs

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index ea8c4bf..54b52f6 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 /target
+/tests
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..958e3ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 4
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anyhow"
+version = "1.0.98"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e16d2d3311acee920a9eb8d33b8cbc1787ce4a264e85f964c2404b969bdcd487"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "autocfg"
+version = "1.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c08606f8c3cbf4ce6ec8e28fb0014a2c086708fe954eaa885384a6165172e7e8"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bitflags"
+version = "2.9.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1b8e56985ec62d17e9c1001dc89c88ecd7dc08e47eba5ec7c29c7b5eeecde967"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "chrono"
+version = "0.4.41"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c469d952047f47f91b68d1cba3f10d63c11d73e4636f24f08daf0278abf01c4d"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "enum_dispatch"
+version = "0.3.13"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "aa18ce2bc66555b3218614519ac839ddb759a7d6720732f979ef8d13be147ecd"
+dependencies = [
+ "once_cell",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "fat-rs"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "bitflags",
+ "chrono",
+ "enum_dispatch",
+ "static_assertions",
+ "thiserror",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num-traits"
+version = "0.2.19"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "071dfc062690e90b734c0b2273ce72ad0ffa95f0c74596bc250dcfd960262841"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "once_cell"
+version = "1.21.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "42f5e15c9953c5e4ccceeb2e7382a716482c34515315f7b03532b8b4e8393d2d"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "proc-macro2"
+version = "1.0.95"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "02b3e5e68a3a1a02aad3ec490a98007cbc13c37cbe84a3cd7b8e406d76e7f778"
+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "quote"
+version = "1.0.40"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1885c039570dc00dcb4ff087a89e185fd56bae234ddc7f056a945bf36467248d"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "static_assertions"
+version = "1.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a2eb9349b6444b326872e140eb1cf5e7c522154d69e7a0ffb0fb81c06b37543f"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "syn"
+version = "2.0.104"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "17b6f705963418cdb9927482fa304bc562ece2fdd4f616084c50b7023b435a40"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "thiserror"
+version = "2.0.12"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "567b8a2dae586314f7be2a752ec7474332959c6460e02bde30d702a66d488708"
+dependencies = [
+ "thiserror-impl",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "thiserror-impl"
+version = "2.0.12"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7f7cf42b4507d8ea322120659672cf1b9dbb93f8f2d4ecfd6e51350ff5b17a1d"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-ident"
+version = "1.0.18"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5a5f39404a5da50712a4c1eecf25e90dd62b613502b7e925fd4e4d19b5c96512"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 4db3441..ee5b3c7 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,4 +3,14 @@ name = "fat-rs"
 version = "0.1.0"
 edition = "2024"
 
+[[bin]]
+name = "dump"
+path = "src/dump.rs"
+
 [dependencies]
+anyhow = "1.0.98"
+bitflags = "2.9.1"
+chrono = { version = "0.4.41", default-features = false, features = ["alloc", "std"] }
+enum_dispatch = "0.3.13"
+static_assertions = "1.1.0"
+thiserror = "2.0.12"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9e1a4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+specification: [https://academy.cba.mit.edu/classes/networking_communications/SD/FAT.pdf](https://academy.cba.mit.edu/classes/networking_communications/SD/FAT.pdf)
diff --git a/rustfmt.toml b/rustfmt.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5617ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rustfmt.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+imports_granularity = "Module"
+group_imports = "StdExternalCrate"
+
+fn_call_width = 80
+
+# Activation of features, almost objectively better ;)
+use_try_shorthand = true
+use_field_init_shorthand = true
+
+# Nightly only. Will not run in CI, but please format with these locally
+wrap_comments = true
+normalize_comments = true
+comment_width = 100
+
+condense_wildcard_suffixes = true
diff --git a/src/bpb.rs b/src/bpb.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b0a561
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bpb.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,618 @@
+use std::fmt::Display;
+
+use crate::FatType;
+use crate::utils::{load_u16_le, load_u32_le};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum ExtBpb {
+    ExtBpb16(ExtBpb16),
+    ExtBpb32(ExtBpb32),
+}
+
+impl Display for ExtBpb {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            ExtBpb::ExtBpb16(ext_bpb16) => write!(f, "{}", ext_bpb16),
+            ExtBpb::ExtBpb32(ext_bpb32) => write!(f, "{}", ext_bpb32),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Bpb {
+    fat_type: FatType,
+
+    jmp_boot: [u8; 3],
+    oem_name: [u8; 8],
+    bytes_per_sector: u16,
+    sectors_per_cluster: u8,
+    reserved_sector_count: u16,
+    num_fats: u8,
+    root_entry_count: u16,
+    total_sectors_16: u16,
+    media: u8,
+    fat_size_16: u16,
+    sectors_per_track: u16,
+    num_heads: u16,
+    hidden_sectors: u32,
+    total_sectors_32: u32,
+
+    ext_bpb: ExtBpb,
+}
+
+impl Display for Bpb {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        writeln!(f, "Bpb {{")?;
+
+        match self.fat_type {
+            FatType::Fat12 => writeln!(f, "    FAT12")?,
+            FatType::Fat16 => writeln!(f, "    FAT16")?,
+            FatType::Fat32 => writeln!(f, "    FAT32")?,
+        }
+
+        writeln!(f, "")?;
+
+        writeln!(
+            f,
+            "    jmp_boot: [{:#X}, {:#X}, {:#X}]",
+            self.jmp_boot[0], self.jmp_boot[1], self.jmp_boot[2]
+        )?;
+
+        writeln!(f, "    oem name: \"{}\"", self.oem_name_str().unwrap_or(""))?;
+        writeln!(f, "    bytes per sector: {}", self.bytes_per_sector())?;
+        writeln!(f, "    sectors per cluster: {}", self.sectors_per_cluster())?;
+        writeln!(f, "    reserved sector count: {}", self.reserved_sector_count())?;
+        writeln!(f, "    num_fats: {}", self.num_fats())?;
+        writeln!(f, "    root entry count: {}", self.root_entry_count())?;
+        writeln!(f, "    total sectors: {}", self.total_sectors_16())?;
+        writeln!(f, "    media: {:#X}", self.media())?;
+        writeln!(f, "    fat_size_16: {}", self.fat_size_16())?;
+        writeln!(f, "    sectors per track: {}", self.sectors_per_track())?;
+        writeln!(f, "    num_heads: {}", self.num_heads())?;
+        writeln!(f, "    hidden_sectors: {}", self.hidden_sectors())?;
+        writeln!(f, "    total sectors 32: {}", self.total_sectors_32())?;
+
+        writeln!(f, "")?;
+
+        let ext_bpb_str = format!("{}", self.ext_bpb);
+
+        for line in ext_bpb_str.lines() {
+            writeln!(f, "    {}", line)?;
+        }
+
+        writeln!(f, "}}")?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Bpb {
+    pub fn load(bytes: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<Bpb> {
+        anyhow::ensure!(bytes.len() >= 512, "invalid BPB of len {}", bytes.len());
+
+        let jmp_boot = bytes[..3].try_into().unwrap();
+        let oem_name = bytes[3..][..8].try_into().unwrap();
+        let bytes_per_sector = load_u16_le(&bytes[11..][..2]);
+
+        if !&[512, 1024, 2048, 4096].contains(&bytes_per_sector) {
+            anyhow::bail!("invalid bytes per sector: {}", bytes_per_sector);
+        }
+
+        let sectors_per_cluster = bytes[13];
+
+        if !&[1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128].contains(&sectors_per_cluster) {
+            anyhow::bail!("invalid sectors per cluster: {}", sectors_per_cluster);
+        }
+
+        let reserved_sector_count = load_u16_le(&bytes[14..][..2]);
+
+        anyhow::ensure!(reserved_sector_count != 0, "reserved sector count can't be zero");
+
+        let num_fats = bytes[16];
+        let root_entry_count = load_u16_le(&bytes[17..][..2]);
+        let total_sectors_16 = load_u16_le(&bytes[19..][..2]);
+
+        let media = bytes[21];
+
+        if !&[0xF0, 0xF8, 0xF9, 0xFA, 0xFB, 0xFC, 0xFD, 0xFE, 0xFF].contains(&media) {
+            anyhow::bail!("invalid media: {}", media);
+        }
+
+        let fat_size_16 = load_u16_le(&bytes[22..][..2]);
+        let sectors_per_track = load_u16_le(&bytes[24..][..2]);
+        let num_heads = load_u16_le(&bytes[26..][..2]);
+        let hidden_sectors = load_u32_le(&bytes[28..][..4]);
+        let total_sectors_32 = load_u32_le(&bytes[32..][..4]);
+
+        let (fat_type, ext_bpb) = if fat_size_16 == 0 {
+            // FAT32?
+
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                total_sectors_16 == 0,
+                "fat_size_16 is 0, but total sectors is {} instead of 0",
+                total_sectors_16
+            );
+
+            let ext_bpb = ExtBpb32::load(bytes)?;
+            (FatType::Fat32, ExtBpb::ExtBpb32(ext_bpb))
+        } else {
+            // FAT16?
+
+            let ext_bpb = ExtBpb16::load(bytes)?;
+
+            (FatType::Fat16, ExtBpb::ExtBpb16(ext_bpb))
+        };
+
+        let mut bpb = Bpb {
+            fat_type,
+            jmp_boot,
+            oem_name,
+            bytes_per_sector,
+            sectors_per_cluster,
+            reserved_sector_count,
+            num_fats,
+            root_entry_count,
+            total_sectors_16,
+            media,
+            fat_size_16,
+            sectors_per_track,
+            num_heads,
+            hidden_sectors,
+            total_sectors_32,
+            ext_bpb,
+        };
+
+        let count_of_clusters = bpb.count_of_clusters();
+
+        if count_of_clusters < 4085 {
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                bpb.fat_type == FatType::Fat16,
+                "{:?} should actually be FAT12",
+                bpb.fat_type
+            );
+
+            // actually FAT12 instead of FAT16
+            bpb.fat_type = FatType::Fat12;
+        } else if count_of_clusters < 65525 {
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                bpb.fat_type == FatType::Fat16,
+                "{:?} should actually be FAT16",
+                bpb.fat_type
+            );
+        } else {
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                bpb.fat_type == FatType::Fat32,
+                "{:?} should actually be FAT32",
+                bpb.fat_type
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(bpb)
+    }
+
+    /// number of sectors usable for data
+    pub fn num_data_sectors(&self) -> u32 {
+        let data_sectors = self.total_sectors()
+            - (self.reserved_sector_count() as u32
+                + (self.num_fats() as u32 * self.fat_size())
+                + self.root_dir_sectors());
+
+        data_sectors
+    }
+
+    /// total number of clusters on this volume
+    pub fn num_clusters(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.total_sectors() / self.sectors_per_cluster() as u32
+    }
+
+    /// number of bytes per cluster
+    pub fn bytes_per_cluster(&self) -> usize {
+        self.sectors_per_cluster() as usize * self.bytes_per_sector() as usize
+    }
+
+    /// count of *data* clusters
+    pub fn count_of_clusters(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.num_data_sectors() / self.sectors_per_cluster as u32
+    }
+
+    /// convert a given sector to an byte offset
+    fn sector_to_offset(&self, sector: u32) -> u64 {
+        sector as u64 * self.bytes_per_sector() as u64
+    }
+
+    /// byte offset of the first FAT
+    pub fn fat_offset(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.sector_to_offset(self.reserved_sector_count() as u32)
+    }
+
+    /// FAT size in bytes
+    pub fn fat_len_bytes(&self) -> usize {
+        self.bytes_per_sector() as usize * self.fat_size() as usize
+    }
+
+    /// byte offset of the root directory; None for FAT32
+    pub fn root_directory_offset(&self) -> Option<u64> {
+        if self.fat_type() == FatType::Fat32 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some(self.fat_offset() + self.sector_to_offset(self.num_fats() as u32 * self.fat_size()))
+    }
+
+    /// number of sectors for root dir (only FAT12 and FAT16)
+    pub fn root_dir_sectors(&self) -> u32 {
+        (32 * self.root_entry_count() as u32).div_ceil(self.bytes_per_sector() as u32)
+    }
+
+    /// byte size of the root directory
+    pub fn root_dir_len_bytes(&self) -> usize {
+        self.root_dir_sectors() as usize * self.bytes_per_sector() as usize
+    }
+
+    /// first data sector
+    pub fn first_data_sector(&self) -> u32 {
+        println!("reserved sectors: {}", self.reserved_sector_count());
+        println!("fat sectors: {}", self.num_fats() as u32 * self.fat_size());
+        println!("root dir sectors: {}", self.root_dir_sectors());
+
+        self.reserved_sector_count() as u32
+            + (self.num_fats() as u32 + self.fat_size())
+            + self.root_dir_sectors() as u32
+    }
+
+    pub fn data_offset(&self) -> u64 {
+        // if let Some(root_dir_offset) = self.root_directory_offset() {
+        //     // has root directory (FAT12 or FAT16)
+        //     return root_dir_offset + self.sector_to_offset(self.root_entry_count() as u32);
+        // }
+
+        // self.fat_offset() + self.sector_to_offset(self.num_fats() as u32 * self.fat_size())
+
+        self.sector_to_offset(self.first_data_sector())
+    }
+
+    /// byte size of the data section
+    pub fn data_len_bytes(&self) -> usize {
+        self.num_data_sectors() as usize * self.bytes_per_sector() as usize
+    }
+
+    /// FAT type (FAT12, FAT16, or FAT32)
+    pub fn fat_type(&self) -> FatType {
+        self.fat_type
+    }
+
+    /// number of sectors per FAT
+    pub fn fat_size(&self) -> u32 {
+        match &self.ext_bpb {
+            ExtBpb::ExtBpb16(_ext_bpb16) => self.fat_size_16() as u32,
+            ExtBpb::ExtBpb32(ext_bpb32) => ext_bpb32.fat_size_32(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// get root cluster for FAT32
+    pub fn root_cluster(&self) -> Option<u32> {
+        if let ExtBpb::ExtBpb32(ext_bpb32) = &self.ext_bpb {
+            Some(ext_bpb32.root_cluster())
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// total number of sectors in this device
+    ///
+    /// uses total_sectors_16 or total_sectors_32
+    pub fn total_sectors(&self) -> u32 {
+        // match &self.ext_bpb {
+        //     ExtBpb::ExtBpb16(_) => self.total_sectors_16() as u32,
+        //     ExtBpb::ExtBpb32(_) => self.total_sectors_32(),
+        // }
+
+        match self.total_sectors_16() {
+            0 => self.total_sectors_32(),
+            n => n as u32,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn oem_name(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.oem_name
+    }
+
+    pub fn oem_name_str(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        std::str::from_utf8(&self.oem_name()).ok()
+    }
+
+    pub fn bytes_per_sector(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.bytes_per_sector
+    }
+
+    pub fn sectors_per_cluster(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.sectors_per_cluster
+    }
+
+    pub fn reserved_sector_count(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.reserved_sector_count
+    }
+
+    pub fn num_fats(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.num_fats
+    }
+
+    // number of 32 byte dir entries in the root directory
+    pub fn root_entry_count(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.root_entry_count
+    }
+
+    pub fn total_sectors_16(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.total_sectors_16
+    }
+
+    pub fn media(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.media
+    }
+
+    pub fn fat_size_16(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.fat_size_16
+    }
+
+    pub fn sectors_per_track(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.sectors_per_track
+    }
+
+    pub fn num_heads(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.num_heads
+    }
+
+    pub fn hidden_sectors(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.hidden_sectors
+    }
+
+    pub fn total_sectors_32(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.total_sectors_32
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ExtBpb16 {
+    drive_number: u8,
+    boot_sig: u8,
+    volume_serial_number: u32,
+    volume_label: [u8; 11],
+    file_sys_type: [u8; 8],
+}
+
+impl Display for ExtBpb16 {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        writeln!(f, "ExtBpb16 {{")?;
+
+        writeln!(f, "    drive number: {}", self.drive_number())?;
+        writeln!(f, "    boot_sig: {:#x}", self.boot_sig())?;
+        writeln!(f, "    volume serial number: {}", self.volume_serial_number())?;
+        writeln!(f, "    volume label: {}", self.volume_label_str().unwrap_or(""))?;
+        writeln!(f, "    file sys type: {}", self.file_sys_type_str())?;
+
+        writeln!(f, "}}")?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExtBpb16 {
+    pub fn load(bytes: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<ExtBpb16> {
+        let drive_number = bytes[36];
+
+        if !&[0x80, 0x00].contains(&drive_number) {
+            anyhow::bail!("invalid drive number: {}", drive_number);
+        }
+
+        let boot_sig = bytes[38];
+        let volume_serial_number = load_u32_le(&bytes[39..][..4]);
+        let volume_label = bytes[43..][..11].try_into().unwrap();
+
+        if volume_serial_number != 0 || volume_label != [0; 11] {
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                boot_sig == 0x29,
+                "volume serial number and volume label are not both empty, but boot sig is {:#x}
+        instead of 0x29",
+                boot_sig
+            );
+        }
+
+        let file_sys_type: [u8; 8] = bytes[54..][..8].try_into().unwrap();
+
+        let Some(s) = std::str::from_utf8(&file_sys_type).ok() else {
+            anyhow::bail!("invalid file sys type: {:X?}", file_sys_type);
+        };
+
+        if !&["FAT12   ", "FAT16   ", "FAT     "].contains(&s) {
+            anyhow::bail!("invalid file sys type: {}", s);
+        }
+
+        let signature_word = &bytes[510..512];
+
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            signature_word == &[0x55, 0xAA],
+            "invalid signature word: [{:#X}, {:#X}] instead of [0x55, 0xAA]",
+            bytes[510],
+            bytes[511]
+        );
+
+        Ok(ExtBpb16 {
+            drive_number,
+            boot_sig,
+            volume_serial_number,
+            volume_label,
+            file_sys_type,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn drive_number(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.drive_number
+    }
+
+    pub fn boot_sig(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.boot_sig
+    }
+
+    pub fn volume_serial_number(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.volume_serial_number
+    }
+
+    pub fn volume_label(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.volume_label
+    }
+
+    pub fn volume_label_str(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        std::str::from_utf8(&self.volume_label).ok()
+    }
+
+    pub fn file_sys_type(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.file_sys_type
+    }
+
+    pub fn file_sys_type_str(&self) -> &str {
+        std::str::from_utf8(&self.file_sys_type).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ExtBpb32 {
+    fat_size_32: u32,
+    ext_flags: u16,
+    root_cluster: u32,
+    fs_info: u16,
+    bk_boot_sector: u16,
+    drive_number: u8,
+    boot_sig: u8,
+    volume_serial_number: u32,
+    volume_label: [u8; 11],
+}
+
+impl Display for ExtBpb32 {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        writeln!(f, "ExtBpb32 {{")?;
+
+        writeln!(f, "    fat_size_32: {}", self.fat_size_32)?;
+        writeln!(f, "    ext_flags: {}", self.ext_flags)?;
+        writeln!(f, "    root_cluster: {}", self.root_cluster)?;
+        writeln!(f, "    fs_info: {}", self.fs_info)?;
+        writeln!(f, "    bk_boot_sector: {}", self.bk_boot_sector)?;
+        writeln!(f, "    drive_number: {}", self.drive_number)?;
+        writeln!(f, "    boot_sig: {:#X}", self.boot_sig)?;
+        writeln!(f, "    volume serial number: {}", self.volume_serial_number)?;
+        writeln!(f, "    volume label: {}", self.volume_label_str().unwrap_or(""))?;
+
+        writeln!(f, "}}")?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExtBpb32 {
+    pub fn load(bytes: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<ExtBpb32> {
+        let fat_size_32 = load_u32_le(&bytes[36..][..4]);
+
+        anyhow::ensure!(fat_size_32 != 0, "fat_size_32 is zero");
+
+        let ext_flags = load_u16_le(&bytes[40..][..2]);
+
+        let fs_ver = load_u16_le(&bytes[42..][..2]);
+        anyhow::ensure!(fs_ver == 0x0, "invalid FSVer: {}", fs_ver);
+
+        let root_cluster = load_u32_le(&bytes[44..][..4]);
+        let fs_info = load_u16_le(&bytes[48..][..2]);
+
+        let bk_boot_sector = load_u16_le(&bytes[50..][..2]);
+
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            &[0, 6].contains(&bk_boot_sector),
+            "invalid BkBootSector: {}",
+            bk_boot_sector
+        );
+
+        let reserved = &bytes[52..][..12];
+        anyhow::ensure!(reserved == &[0; 12], "reserved is not zeroed");
+
+        let drive_number = bytes[64];
+
+        let reserved1 = bytes[65];
+        anyhow::ensure!(reserved1 == 0, "reserved1 is not zeroed");
+
+        let boot_sig = bytes[66];
+        let volume_serial_number = load_u32_le(&bytes[67..][..4]);
+        let volume_label = bytes[71..][..11].try_into().unwrap();
+
+        if volume_serial_number != 0 || &volume_label != &[0; 11] {
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                boot_sig == 0x29,
+                "VollID or VolLab is set, but BootSig is {} instead of 0x29",
+                boot_sig
+            );
+        }
+
+        let file_sys_type = &bytes[82..][..8];
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            std::str::from_utf8(file_sys_type) == Ok("FAT32   "),
+            "invalid file sys type"
+        );
+
+        let signature_word = &bytes[510..][..2];
+
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            signature_word == &[0x55, 0xAA],
+            "invalid signature word [{:#X}, {:#X}] instead of [0x55, 0xAA]",
+            signature_word[0],
+            signature_word[1]
+        );
+
+        Ok(ExtBpb32 {
+            fat_size_32,
+            ext_flags,
+            root_cluster,
+            fs_info,
+            bk_boot_sector,
+            drive_number,
+            boot_sig,
+            volume_serial_number,
+            volume_label,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn fat_size_32(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.fat_size_32
+    }
+
+    pub fn ext_flags(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.ext_flags
+    }
+
+    pub fn root_cluster(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.root_cluster
+    }
+
+    pub fn fs_info(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.fs_info
+    }
+
+    pub fn bk_boot_sector(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.bk_boot_sector
+    }
+
+    pub fn drive_number(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.drive_number
+    }
+
+    pub fn boot_sig(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.boot_sig
+    }
+
+    pub fn volume_serial_number(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.volume_serial_number
+    }
+
+    pub fn volume_label(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.volume_label
+    }
+
+    pub fn volume_label_str(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        std::str::from_utf8(self.volume_label()).ok()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/datetime.rs b/src/datetime.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78cb507
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/datetime.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+use std::time::SystemTime;
+
+use chrono::{DateTime, Datelike, NaiveDate, NaiveTime, Timelike, Utc};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Date {
+    repr: u16,
+}
+
+impl Date {
+    pub fn new(repr: u16) -> anyhow::Result<Date> {
+        let date = Date { repr };
+
+        anyhow::ensure!(date.day() <= 31, "invalid day for date: {} (0x{:#X})", date.day(), repr);
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            date.month() <= 12,
+            "invalid month for date: {} (0x{:#X})",
+            date.month(),
+            repr
+        );
+
+        Ok(date)
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_day_month_year(day: u8, month: u8, year: u16) -> anyhow::Result<Date> {
+        anyhow::ensure!(day <= 31, "invalid day: {}", day);
+        anyhow::ensure!(month <= 12, "invalid month: {}", month);
+        anyhow::ensure!(1980 <= year && year <= 2107, "invalid year: {}", year);
+
+        let repr = day as u16 | (month as u16) << 4 | (year - 1980) << 8;
+
+        Ok(Date { repr })
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_system_time(time: SystemTime) -> anyhow::Result<Date> {
+        let datetime: DateTime<Utc> = time.into();
+
+        let date = datetime.date_naive();
+
+        Date::from_day_month_year(
+            date.day() as u8,
+            date.month0() as u8 + 1,
+            date.year_ce().1 as u16,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn day(&self) -> u8 {
+        (self.repr & 0x1F) as u8
+    }
+
+    pub fn month(&self) -> u8 {
+        ((self.repr & 0x1E0) >> 5) as u8
+    }
+
+    pub fn year(&self) -> u16 {
+        ((self.repr & 0xFE00) >> 9) as u16 + 1980
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_naive_date(&self) -> NaiveDate {
+        NaiveDate::from_ymd_opt(self.year() as i32, self.month() as u32, self.day() as u32).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Time {
+    repr: u16,
+}
+
+impl Time {
+    pub fn new(time: u16) -> anyhow::Result<Time> {
+        let time = Time { repr: time };
+
+        Ok(time)
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_seconds_minutes_hours(seconds: u8, minutes: u8, hours: u8) -> anyhow::Result<Time> {
+        anyhow::ensure!(seconds <= 58 && seconds % 2 == 0, "invalid seconds: {}", seconds);
+        anyhow::ensure!(minutes <= 59, "invalid minutes: {}", minutes);
+        anyhow::ensure!(hours <= 23, "invalid hours: {}", hours);
+
+        let repr = (seconds >> 1) as u16 | (minutes as u16) << 5 | (hours as u16) << 11;
+
+        Ok(Time { repr })
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_system_time(time: SystemTime) -> anyhow::Result<Time> {
+        let datetime: DateTime<Utc> = time.into();
+
+        let time = datetime.time();
+
+        let seconds = (time.second() as u8) & !0x01;
+
+        Time::from_seconds_minutes_hours(seconds, time.minute() as u8, time.hour() as u8)
+    }
+
+    pub fn second(&self) -> u8 {
+        2 * (self.repr & 0x1F) as u8
+    }
+
+    pub fn minute(&self) -> u8 {
+        ((self.repr >> 5) & 0x3F) as u8
+    }
+
+    pub fn hour(&self) -> u8 {
+        ((self.repr >> 11) & 0x1F) as u8
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_naive_time(&self) -> NaiveTime {
+        NaiveTime::from_hms_opt(self.hour() as u32, self.minute() as u32, self.second() as u32)
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/dir.rs b/src/dir.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f3160c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dir.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+use std::fmt::Display;
+use std::io::Read;
+
+use bitflags::bitflags;
+use chrono::{NaiveDate, NaiveDateTime, TimeDelta};
+
+use crate::datetime::{Date, Time};
+use crate::utils::{load_u16_le, load_u32_le};
+
+bitflags! {
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+    pub struct Attr: u8 {
+        const ReadOnly = 0x01;
+        const Hidden = 0x02;
+        const System = 0x04;
+        const VolumeId = 0x08;
+        const Directory = 0x10;
+        const Archive = 0x20;
+
+        // const _ = !0;
+
+        // ReadOnly + Hidden + System + Volumeid
+        const LongName = 0x01 | 0x02 | 0x04 | 0x08;
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct RegularDirEntry {
+    name: [u8; 11],
+    attr: Attr,
+
+    create_time_tenths: u8,
+    create_time: Time,
+    create_date: Date,
+
+    last_access_date: Date,
+
+    first_cluster: u32,
+
+    write_time: Time,
+    write_date: Date,
+
+    file_size: u32,
+
+    long_name: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl Display for RegularDirEntry {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let mut name = self.name_string().unwrap_or_else(|| "<unknown>".to_owned());
+
+        if self.attr.contains(Attr::Directory) {
+            name.push('/');
+        }
+
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "DirEntry {{ {: <16}    created: {}    modified: {} }}",
+            name,
+            self.create_time(),
+            self.write_time()
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl RegularDirEntry {
+    pub fn load(bytes: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<RegularDirEntry> {
+        assert_eq!(bytes.len(), 32);
+
+        let name = bytes[..11].try_into().unwrap();
+        let attr = Attr::from_bits_truncate(bytes[11]);
+
+        let create_time_tenths = bytes[13];
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            create_time_tenths <= 199,
+            "invalid DIR_CrtTimeTenth: {}",
+            create_time_tenths
+        );
+
+        let create_time = Time::new(load_u16_le(&bytes[14..][..2]))?;
+        let create_date = Date::new(load_u16_le(&bytes[16..][..2]))?;
+        let last_access_date = Date::new(load_u16_le(&bytes[18..][..2]))?;
+        let write_time = Time::new(load_u16_le(&bytes[22..][..2]))?;
+        let write_date = Date::new(load_u16_le(&bytes[24..][..2]))?;
+        let file_size = load_u32_le(&bytes[28..][..4]);
+
+        let first_cluster_hi = load_u16_le(&bytes[20..][..2]);
+        let first_cluster_lo = load_u16_le(&bytes[26..][..2]);
+
+        let first_cluster = first_cluster_lo as u32 | ((first_cluster_hi as u32) << 16);
+
+        if attr.contains(Attr::VolumeId) {
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                first_cluster == 0,
+                "DirEntry has volume id attribute set, but first cluster is {}, not zero",
+                first_cluster
+            );
+        }
+
+        if attr.contains(Attr::Directory) {
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                file_size == 0,
+                "DirEntry has directory attribute set, but file size is {}, not zero",
+                file_size
+            )
+        }
+
+        Ok(RegularDirEntry {
+            name,
+            attr,
+            create_time_tenths,
+            create_time,
+            create_date,
+            last_access_date,
+            first_cluster,
+            write_time,
+            write_date,
+            file_size,
+            long_name: None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// indicates this DirEntry is empty
+    ///
+    /// can be either simply empty (0xe5) or the sentinel (0x00) that indicates that all following
+    /// DirEntries are empty as well
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.name[0] == 0xe5 || self.name[0] == 0x00
+    }
+
+    /// indicates this and all following DisEntries are empty
+    pub fn is_sentinel(&self) -> bool {
+        self.name[0] == 0x00
+    }
+
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.name
+    }
+
+    pub fn name_string(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        // std::str::from_utf8(self.name()).ok()
+
+        let name = std::str::from_utf8(&self.name[..8]).ok()?.trim_ascii_end();
+        let ext = std::str::from_utf8(&self.name[8..]).ok()?.trim_ascii_end();
+
+        let mut s = String::new();
+
+        if self.attr.contains(Attr::Hidden) {
+            s.push('.');
+        }
+
+        s += name;
+
+        if !ext.is_empty() {
+            s.push('.');
+
+            s += ext;
+        }
+
+        Some(s)
+    }
+
+    pub fn long_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.long_name.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_long_name(&mut self, long_name: String) {
+        self.long_name = Some(long_name);
+    }
+
+    pub fn attr(&self) -> Attr {
+        self.attr
+    }
+
+    pub fn create_time(&self) -> NaiveDateTime {
+        let date = self.create_date.to_naive_date();
+        let time = self.create_time.to_naive_time();
+
+        let time_frac = TimeDelta::try_milliseconds(100 * self.create_time_tenths as i64).unwrap();
+
+        let time = time.overflowing_add_signed(time_frac).0;
+
+        NaiveDateTime::new(date, time)
+    }
+
+    pub fn last_access_date(&self) -> NaiveDate {
+        self.last_access_date.to_naive_date()
+    }
+
+    pub fn first_cluster(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.first_cluster
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_time(&self) -> NaiveDateTime {
+        let time = self.write_time.to_naive_time();
+        let date = self.write_date.to_naive_date();
+
+        NaiveDateTime::new(date, time)
+    }
+
+    pub fn file_size(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.file_size
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct LongNameDirEntry {}
+
+impl LongNameDirEntry {
+    pub fn load(bytes: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<LongNameDirEntry> {
+        assert_eq!(bytes.len(), 32);
+
+        Ok(LongNameDirEntry {})
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum DirEntry {
+    Regular(RegularDirEntry),
+    LongName(LongNameDirEntry),
+}
+
+impl DirEntry {
+    pub fn load(bytes: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<DirEntry> {
+        assert_eq!(bytes.len(), 32);
+
+        let attr = Attr::from_bits_truncate(bytes[11]);
+
+        let dir_entry = if attr == Attr::LongName {
+            DirEntry::LongName(LongNameDirEntry::load(bytes)?)
+        } else {
+            DirEntry::Regular(RegularDirEntry::load(bytes)?)
+        };
+
+        Ok(dir_entry)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct DirIter<R: Read> {
+    reader: R,
+}
+
+impl<R: Read> DirIter<R> {
+    pub fn new(reader: R) -> DirIter<R> {
+        DirIter { reader }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<R: Read> Iterator for DirIter<R> {
+    type Item = RegularDirEntry;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let mut chunk = [0; 32];
+        self.reader.read_exact(&mut chunk).ok()?;
+
+        // let Ok(dir_entry) = DirEntry::load(&chunk) else {
+        //     return self.next();
+        // };
+
+        let dir_entry = match DirEntry::load(&chunk) {
+            Ok(dir_entry) => dir_entry,
+            Err(e) => {
+                // if loading fails: print error and try next entry
+                eprintln!("failed to load dir entry: {e}");
+
+                return self.next();
+            }
+        };
+
+        let DirEntry::Regular(dir_entry) = dir_entry else {
+            // simply skip long name entries for now
+            return self.next();
+        };
+
+        if dir_entry.is_sentinel() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        if dir_entry.is_empty() {
+            return self.next();
+        }
+
+        Some(dir_entry)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/dump.rs b/src/dump.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43c2517
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dump.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+use std::io::Read;
+
+use fat_rs::FatFs;
+use fat_rs::fat::Fatty as _;
+
+pub fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let args = std::env::args();
+
+    if args.len() != 2 {
+        anyhow::bail!("usage: dump <path>");
+    }
+
+    let file = std::fs::File::open(args.skip(1).next().unwrap())?;
+
+    // let mut buf = [0; 512];
+
+    // file.read_exact(&mut buf)?;
+
+    // let bpb = Bpb::load(&buf)?;
+
+    // println!("{}", bpb);
+
+    let mut fat_fs = FatFs::load(file)?;
+
+    println!("{}", fat_fs.bpb());
+    println!();
+    println!("{}", fat_fs.fat());
+    println!();
+    println!(
+        "free clusters: {} ({} bytes)",
+        fat_fs.fat().count_free_clusters(),
+        fat_fs.fat().count_free_clusters()
+            * fat_fs.bpb().bytes_per_sector() as usize
+            * fat_fs.bpb().sectors_per_cluster() as usize
+    );
+
+    for dir_entry in fat_fs.root_dir_iter() {
+        println!("{}", dir_entry);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/src/fat.rs b/src/fat.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc475dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/fat.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+use std::fmt::Display;
+use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
+use std::ops::RangeInclusive;
+
+use enum_dispatch::enum_dispatch;
+
+use crate::FatType;
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+pub enum FatError {
+    #[error("can't get next cluster of free cluster")]
+    FreeCluster,
+    #[error("cluster {0} is reserved")]
+    ReservedCluster(u32),
+    #[error("cluster is defective")]
+    DefectiveCluster,
+    #[error("invalid next cluster 0x{0:0X}")]
+    InvalidEntry(u32),
+}
+
+#[enum_dispatch]
+pub trait Fatty {
+    // get the next cluster
+    // assumes the cluster is valid, i.e. allocated
+    fn get_entry(&self, cluster: u32) -> u32;
+
+    fn get_valid_clusters(&self) -> RangeInclusive<u32>;
+    fn get_reserved_clusters(&self) -> RangeInclusive<u32>;
+    fn get_defective_cluster(&self) -> u32;
+    fn get_reserved_eof_clusters(&self) -> RangeInclusive<u32>;
+    fn get_eof_cluster(&self) -> u32;
+
+    fn count_free_clusters(&self) -> usize {
+        self.get_valid_clusters()
+            .map(|cluster| self.get_entry(cluster))
+            .filter(|&entry| entry == 0)
+            .count()
+    }
+}
+
+#[enum_dispatch(Fatty)]
+pub enum Fat {
+    Fat12(Fat12),
+    Fat16(Fat16),
+    Fat32(Fat32),
+}
+
+impl Display for Fat {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match &self {
+            Fat::Fat12(fat12) => write!(f, "{}", fat12),
+            Fat::Fat16(fat16) => write!(f, "{}", fat16),
+            Fat::Fat32(fat32) => write!(f, "{}", fat32),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Fat {
+    pub fn new(fat_type: FatType, bytes: &[u8], max: u32) -> Fat {
+        match fat_type {
+            FatType::Fat12 => Fat::Fat12(Fat12::new(bytes, max)),
+            FatType::Fat16 => Fat::Fat16(Fat16::new(bytes, max)),
+            FatType::Fat32 => Fat::Fat32(Fat32::new(bytes, max)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_next_cluster(&self, cluster: u32) -> Result<Option<u32>, FatError> {
+        if cluster == 0x000 {
+            // can't get next cluster for free cluster
+            return Err(FatError::FreeCluster);
+        }
+
+        if self.get_reserved_clusters().contains(&cluster) {
+            // can't get next cluster for reserved cluster
+            return Err(FatError::ReservedCluster(cluster));
+        }
+
+        // defective cluster
+        if cluster == self.get_defective_cluster() {
+            // can't get next cluster for defective cluster
+            return Err(FatError::DefectiveCluster);
+        }
+
+        if self.get_reserved_eof_clusters().contains(&cluster) {
+            // Reserved and should not be used. May be interpreted as an allocated cluster and the
+            // final cluster in the file (indicating end-of-file condition).
+            //
+            // can't get next entry for reserved cluster
+
+            // return Ok(None);
+            return Err(FatError::ReservedCluster(cluster));
+        }
+
+        let entry = self.get_entry(cluster);
+
+        // interpret second reserved block as EOF here
+        if entry == self.get_eof_cluster() || self.get_reserved_eof_clusters().contains(&entry) {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+
+        // entry should be in the valid cluster range here; otherwise something went wrong
+        if !self.get_valid_clusters().contains(&entry) {
+            return Err(FatError::InvalidEntry(entry));
+        }
+
+        Ok(Some(entry))
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Fat12 {
+    max: u32,
+
+    next_sectors: Box<[u16]>,
+}
+
+impl Display for Fat12 {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        writeln!(f, "Fat 12 {{")?;
+
+        for (i, &x) in self.next_sectors.iter().enumerate() {
+            if x != 0 {
+                writeln!(f, "    0x{:03X} -> 0x{:03X}", i, x)?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        writeln!(f, "}}")?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Fat12 {
+    pub fn new(bytes: &[u8], max: u32) -> Fat12 {
+        // for FAT12 max is always less than 4085
+        assert!(max <= 4085);
+
+        let mut next_sectors: Box<[MaybeUninit<u16>]> = Box::new_uninit_slice(max as usize + 1);
+
+        for elem in next_sectors.iter_mut() {
+            elem.write(0);
+        }
+
+        let mut next_sectors = unsafe { next_sectors.assume_init() };
+
+        // assume bytes.len() is multiple of 3
+        // TODO: fix later
+        assert_eq!(bytes.len() % 3, 0);
+
+        let (chunks, rem) = bytes.as_chunks::<3>();
+
+        assert_eq!(rem.len(), 0);
+
+        // TODO: correctly handle cases where max is larger than #FAT entries and v.v.
+        for (idx, triple) in chunks.iter().take(max as usize / 2).enumerate() {
+            // first (even) entry gets truncated
+            let first = u16::from_le_bytes(triple[..2].try_into().unwrap()) & 0xFFF;
+            // second (odd) entry gets shifted
+            let second = u16::from_le_bytes(triple[1..].try_into().unwrap()) >> 4;
+
+            assert!(idx + 1 < next_sectors.len());
+
+            next_sectors[2 * idx] = first;
+            next_sectors[2 * idx + 1] = second;
+        }
+
+        if max % 2 == 1 {
+            // odd max: need to fix last cluster
+            let idx = max as usize / 2 + 1;
+
+            let triple = chunks[idx];
+
+            let first = u16::from_le_bytes(triple[..2].try_into().unwrap()) & 0xFFF;
+
+            next_sectors[2 * idx] = first;
+        }
+
+        Fat12 { max, next_sectors }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Fatty for Fat12 {
+    fn get_entry(&self, cluster: u32) -> u32 {
+        let cluster = cluster as usize;
+        assert!(cluster < self.next_sectors.len());
+
+        self.next_sectors[cluster] as u32
+    }
+
+    fn get_valid_clusters(&self) -> RangeInclusive<u32> {
+        2..=self.max
+    }
+
+    fn get_reserved_clusters(&self) -> RangeInclusive<u32> {
+        (self.max as u32 + 1)..=0xFF6
+    }
+
+    fn get_defective_cluster(&self) -> u32 {
+        0xFF7
+    }
+
+    fn get_reserved_eof_clusters(&self) -> RangeInclusive<u32> {
+        0xFF8..=0xFFE
+    }
+
+    fn get_eof_cluster(&self) -> u32 {
+        0xFFF
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Fat16 {
+    max: u32,
+
+    next_sectors: Box<[u16]>,
+}
+
+impl Display for Fat16 {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        writeln!(f, "Fat 16 {{")?;
+
+        for (i, &x) in self.next_sectors.iter().enumerate() {
+            if x != 0 {
+                writeln!(f, "    0x{:03X} -> 0x{:03X}", i, x)?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        writeln!(f, "}}")?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Fat16 {
+    pub fn new(bytes: &[u8], max: u32) -> Fat16 {
+        // for FAT12 max is always less than 4085
+        assert!(4085 < max && max <= 65525);
+
+        let mut next_sectors: Box<[MaybeUninit<u16>]> = Box::new_uninit_slice(max as usize + 1);
+
+        for elem in next_sectors.iter_mut() {
+            elem.write(0);
+        }
+
+        let mut next_sectors = unsafe { next_sectors.assume_init() };
+
+        // assume bytes.len() is multiple of 2
+        // TODO: fix later
+        assert_eq!(bytes.len() % 2, 0);
+
+        let (chunks, rem) = bytes.as_chunks::<2>();
+
+        assert_eq!(rem.len(), 0);
+
+        // TODO: correctly handle cases where max is larger than #FAT entries and v.v.
+        for (idx, chunk) in chunks.iter().take(max as usize / 2).enumerate() {
+            // first (even) entry gets truncated
+            let entry = u16::from_le_bytes(chunk[..2].try_into().unwrap());
+
+            next_sectors[idx] = entry;
+        }
+
+        Fat16 { max, next_sectors }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Fatty for Fat16 {
+    fn get_entry(&self, cluster: u32) -> u32 {
+        let cluster = cluster as usize;
+        assert!(cluster < self.next_sectors.len());
+
+        self.next_sectors[cluster] as u32
+    }
+
+    fn get_valid_clusters(&self) -> RangeInclusive<u32> {
+        2..=self.max
+    }
+
+    fn get_reserved_clusters(&self) -> RangeInclusive<u32> {
+        (self.max as u32 + 1)..=0xFFF6
+    }
+
+    fn get_defective_cluster(&self) -> u32 {
+        0xFFF7
+    }
+
+    fn get_reserved_eof_clusters(&self) -> RangeInclusive<u32> {
+        0xFFF8..=0xFFFE
+    }
+
+    fn get_eof_cluster(&self) -> u32 {
+        0xFFFF
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Fat32 {
+    max: u32,
+
+    next_sectors: Box<[u32]>,
+}
+
+impl Display for Fat32 {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        writeln!(f, "Fat 32 {{")?;
+
+        for (i, &x) in self.next_sectors.iter().enumerate() {
+            if x != 0 {
+                writeln!(f, "    0x{:03X} -> 0x{:03X}", i, x)?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        writeln!(f, "}}")?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Fat32 {
+    pub fn new(bytes: &[u8], max: u32) -> Fat32 {
+        // for FAT12 max is always less than 4085
+        assert!(65525 < max);
+
+        let mut next_sectors: Box<[MaybeUninit<u32>]> = Box::new_uninit_slice(max as usize + 1);
+
+        for elem in next_sectors.iter_mut() {
+            elem.write(0);
+        }
+
+        let mut next_sectors = unsafe { next_sectors.assume_init() };
+
+        // assume bytes.len() is multiple of 4
+        // TODO: fix later
+        assert_eq!(bytes.len() % 4, 0);
+
+        let (chunks, rem) = bytes.as_chunks::<4>();
+
+        assert_eq!(rem.len(), 0);
+
+        // TODO: correctly handle cases where max is larger than #FAT entries and v.v.
+        for (idx, chunk) in chunks.iter().take(max as usize / 2).enumerate() {
+            // first (even) entry gets truncated
+            let entry = u32::from_le_bytes(chunk[..4].try_into().unwrap());
+
+            next_sectors[idx] = entry;
+        }
+
+        Fat32 { max, next_sectors }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Fatty for Fat32 {
+    fn get_entry(&self, cluster: u32) -> u32 {
+        let cluster = cluster as usize;
+        assert!(cluster < self.next_sectors.len());
+
+        self.next_sectors[cluster] as u32
+    }
+
+    fn get_valid_clusters(&self) -> RangeInclusive<u32> {
+        2..=self.max
+    }
+
+    fn get_reserved_clusters(&self) -> RangeInclusive<u32> {
+        (self.max + 1)..=0xFFFFFFF6
+    }
+
+    fn get_defective_cluster(&self) -> u32 {
+        0xFFFFFFF7
+    }
+
+    fn get_reserved_eof_clusters(&self) -> RangeInclusive<u32> {
+        0xFFFFFFF8..=0xFFFFFFFE
+    }
+
+    fn get_eof_cluster(&self) -> u32 {
+        0xFFFFFFFF
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/fs_info.rs b/src/fs_info.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..993052c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/fs_info.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+use crate::utils::load_u32_le;
+
+pub struct FsInfo {
+    free_count: u32,
+    next_free: u32,
+}
+
+impl FsInfo {
+    pub fn load(bytes: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<FsInfo> {
+        let lead_sig = load_u32_le(&bytes[..4]);
+
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            lead_sig == 0x41615252,
+            "invalid lead signature: 0x{:#08X} instead of 0x41615252",
+            lead_sig
+        );
+
+        let struct_sig = load_u32_le(&bytes[484..][..4]);
+
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            struct_sig == 0x61417272,
+            "invalid structural signature: 0x{:#08X} instead of 0x61417272",
+            struct_sig
+        );
+
+        let trail_sig = load_u32_le(&bytes[508..][..4]);
+
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            trail_sig == 0xAA550000,
+            "invalid trailing signature: 0x{:#08X} instead of 0xAA550000",
+            trail_sig
+        );
+
+        let free_count = load_u32_le(&bytes[488..][..4]);
+        let next_free = load_u32_le(&bytes[492..][..4]);
+
+        Ok(FsInfo {
+            free_count,
+            next_free,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/iter.rs b/src/iter.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e0922e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/iter.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+use std::io::Read;
+
+use crate::fat::Fatty;
+use crate::subslice::SubSlice;
+use crate::utils::replace;
+use crate::{FatFs, SliceLike};
+
+pub struct ClusterChainReader<'a, S: SliceLike> {
+    sub_slice: SubSlice<'a, S>,
+
+    next_cluster: Option<u32>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, S: SliceLike> ClusterChainReader<'a, S> {
+    pub fn new(fat_fs: &'a mut FatFs<S>, first_cluster: u32) -> ClusterChainReader<'a, S> {
+        let next_cluster = fat_fs.next_cluster(first_cluster).unwrap_or(None);
+
+        let sub_slice = fat_fs.cluster_as_subslice(first_cluster);
+
+        ClusterChainReader {
+            sub_slice,
+            next_cluster,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn next_cluster(&mut self) -> bool {
+        let Some(next_cluster) = self.next_cluster else {
+            return false;
+        };
+
+        replace(&mut self.sub_slice, |sub_slice| {
+            let fat_fs = sub_slice.release();
+
+            self.next_cluster = fat_fs.next_cluster(next_cluster).unwrap_or(None);
+
+            fat_fs.cluster_as_subslice(next_cluster)
+        });
+
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, S: SliceLike> Read for ClusterChainReader<'a, S> {
+    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> std::io::Result<usize> {
+        if self.sub_slice.is_empty() {
+            if !self.next_cluster() {
+                return Ok(0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.sub_slice.read(buf)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index b93cf3f..e948f4b 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,251 @@
-pub fn add(left: u64, right: u64) -> u64 {
-    left + right
+use std::io::{Read as _, Seek as _, SeekFrom, Write as _};
+
+use crate::dir::{DirIter, RegularDirEntry};
+use crate::fat::{FatError, Fatty};
+use crate::subslice::{SubSlice, SubSliceMut};
+
+pub mod bpb;
+mod datetime;
+pub mod dir;
+pub mod fat;
+pub mod fs_info;
+mod iter;
+mod subslice;
+mod utils;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum FatType {
+    Fat12,
+    Fat16,
+    Fat32,
 }
 
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
+pub trait SliceLike {
+    fn read_at_offset(&mut self, offset: u64, buf: &mut [u8]) -> std::io::Result<()>;
 
-    #[test]
-    fn it_works() {
-        let result = add(2, 2);
-        assert_eq!(result, 4);
+    fn write_at_offset(&mut self, offset: u64, bytes: &[u8]) -> std::io::Result<()>;
+
+    fn read_array_at_offset<const N: usize>(&mut self, offset: u64) -> std::io::Result<[u8; N]> {
+        let mut buf = [0; N];
+
+        self.read_at_offset(offset, &mut buf)?;
+
+        Ok(buf)
+    }
+}
+
+impl SliceLike for &mut [u8] {
+    fn read_at_offset(&mut self, offset: u64, buf: &mut [u8]) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+        // anyhow::ensure!(
+        //     offset as usize + buf.len() <= self.len(),
+        //     "reading {} bytes at offset {} is out of bounds for slice of len {}",
+        //     buf.len(),
+        //     offset,
+        //     self.len()
+        // );
+
+        if offset as usize + buf.len() > self.len() {
+            return Err(std::io::Error::other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "reading {} bytes at offset {} is out of bounds for slice of len {}",
+                buf.len(),
+                offset,
+                self.len()
+            )));
+        }
+
+        buf.copy_from_slice(&self[offset as usize..][..buf.len()]);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn write_at_offset(&mut self, offset: u64, bytes: &[u8]) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+        if offset as usize + bytes.len() > self.len() {
+            return Err(std::io::Error::other(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "writing {} bytes at offset {} is out of bounds for slice of len {}",
+                bytes.len(),
+                offset,
+                self.len()
+            )));
+        }
+
+        self[offset as usize..][..bytes.len()].copy_from_slice(bytes);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl SliceLike for std::fs::File {
+    fn read_at_offset(&mut self, offset: u64, buf: &mut [u8]) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+        self.seek(SeekFrom::Start(offset))?;
+
+        self.read_exact(buf)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn write_at_offset(&mut self, offset: u64, bytes: &[u8]) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+        self.seek(SeekFrom::Start(offset))?;
+
+        self.write_all(bytes)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub struct FatFs<S: SliceLike> {
+    data: S,
+
+    fat_offset: u64,
+    fat_size: usize,
+
+    root_dir_offset: Option<u64>,
+    root_dir_size: usize,
+
+    pub data_offset: u64,
+    data_size: usize,
+
+    bytes_per_cluster: usize,
+
+    bpb: bpb::Bpb,
+
+    fat: fat::Fat,
+}
+
+impl<S: SliceLike> FatFs<S> {
+    pub fn load(mut data: S) -> anyhow::Result<FatFs<S>> {
+        let bpb_bytes: [u8; 512] = data.read_array_at_offset(0)?;
+
+        let bpb = bpb::Bpb::load(&bpb_bytes)?;
+
+        let mut fat_buf = vec![0; bpb.fat_len_bytes()];
+
+        data.read_at_offset(bpb.fat_offset(), &mut fat_buf)?;
+
+        let fat = fat::Fat::new(bpb.fat_type(), &fat_buf, bpb.count_of_clusters());
+
+        // {
+        //     let eof = fat.get_eof_cluster();
+
+        //     if fat.get_entry(0) != (eof & !0xFF) | bpb.media() as u32 {
+        //         eprintln!("warning: first sector entry should have media in lowest byte");
+        //     }
+
+        //     if fat.get_entry(1) != eof {
+        //         eprintln!(
+        //             "warning: second sector entry should be EOF, not {:#X}",
+        //             fat.get_entry(1)
+        //         );
+        //     }
+        // }
+
+        let fat_offset = bpb.fat_offset();
+        let fat_size = bpb.fat_len_bytes();
+
+        let root_dir_offset = bpb.root_directory_offset();
+        let root_dir_size = bpb.root_dir_len_bytes();
+
+        let data_offset = bpb.data_offset();
+        let data_size = bpb.data_len_bytes();
+
+        let bytes_per_cluster = bpb.bytes_per_cluster();
+
+        Ok(FatFs {
+            data,
+            fat_offset,
+            fat_size,
+            root_dir_offset,
+            root_dir_size,
+            data_offset,
+            data_size,
+            bytes_per_cluster,
+            bpb,
+            fat,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn bpb(&self) -> &bpb::Bpb {
+        &self.bpb
+    }
+
+    pub fn fat(&self) -> &fat::Fat {
+        &self.fat
+    }
+
+    /// byte offset of data cluster
+    pub fn data_cluster_to_offset(&self, cluster: u32) -> u64 {
+        // assert!(cluster >= 2);
+
+        assert!(self.fat().get_valid_clusters().contains(&cluster));
+
+        self.data_offset + (cluster - 2) as u64 * self.bytes_per_cluster as u64
+    }
+
+    /// next data cluster or None is cluster is EOF
+    ///
+    /// giving an invalid cluster (free, reserved, or defective) returns an appropriate error
+    pub fn next_cluster(&self, cluster: u32) -> Result<Option<u32>, FatError> {
+        self.fat().get_next_cluster(cluster)
+    }
+
+    pub fn cluster_as_subslice_mut(&mut self, cluster: u32) -> SubSliceMut<'_, S> {
+        let offset = self.data_cluster_to_offset(cluster);
+
+        SubSliceMut::new(self, offset, self.bytes_per_cluster)
+    }
+
+    pub fn cluster_as_subslice(&mut self, cluster: u32) -> SubSlice<'_, S> {
+        let offset = self.data_cluster_to_offset(cluster);
+
+        SubSlice::new(self, offset, self.bytes_per_cluster)
+    }
+
+    pub fn root_dir_bytes(&mut self) -> std::io::Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        if let Some(root_dir_offset) = self.root_dir_offset {
+            let mut data = Vec::new();
+
+            let mut subslice = SubSliceMut::new(self, root_dir_offset, self.root_dir_size);
+
+            subslice.read_to_end(&mut data)?;
+
+            return Ok(data);
+        }
+
+        let mut cluster = self.bpb().root_cluster().unwrap();
+
+        let mut data = vec![0; self.bytes_per_cluster];
+
+        self.data
+            .read_at_offset(self.data_cluster_to_offset(cluster), &mut data)?;
+
+        while let Ok(Some(next_cluster)) = self.next_cluster(cluster) {
+            cluster = next_cluster;
+
+            self.data
+                .read_at_offset(self.data_cluster_to_offset(cluster), &mut data)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(data)
+    }
+
+    pub fn root_dir_iter(&mut self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = RegularDirEntry> + '_> {
+        // TODO: maybe wrap this in another RootDirIter enum, so we don't have to Box<dyn>
+
+        if let Some(root_dir_offset) = self.root_dir_offset {
+            // FAT12/FAT16
+
+            let sub_slice = SubSlice::new(self, root_dir_offset, self.root_dir_size);
+
+            return Box::new(DirIter::new(sub_slice));
+        }
+
+        // FAT32
+
+        // can't fail; we're in the FAT32 case
+        let root_cluster = self.bpb().root_cluster().unwrap();
+
+        let cluster_iter = iter::ClusterChainReader::new(self, root_cluster);
+
+        Box::new(DirIter::new(cluster_iter))
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/subslice.rs b/src/subslice.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25063e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/subslice.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+use std::io::{Read, Write};
+
+use crate::{FatFs, SliceLike};
+
+pub struct SubSliceMut<'a, S: SliceLike> {
+    fat_fs: &'a mut FatFs<S>,
+
+    offset: u64,
+    len: usize,
+}
+
+impl<S: SliceLike> SubSliceMut<'_, S> {
+    pub fn new(fat_fs: &mut FatFs<S>, offset: u64, len: usize) -> SubSliceMut<'_, S> {
+        SubSliceMut {
+            fat_fs,
+            offset,
+            len,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: SliceLike> SubSliceMut<'_, S> {
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.len
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.len() == 0
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: SliceLike> Read for SubSliceMut<'_, S> {
+    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> std::io::Result<usize> {
+        let bytes_to_read = self.len.min(buf.len());
+
+        self.fat_fs
+            .data
+            .read_at_offset(self.offset, &mut buf[..bytes_to_read])?;
+
+        self.offset += bytes_to_read as u64;
+        self.len -= bytes_to_read;
+
+        Ok(bytes_to_read)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: SliceLike> Write for SubSliceMut<'_, S> {
+    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> std::io::Result<usize> {
+        let bytes_to_write = self.len.min(buf.len());
+
+        self.fat_fs
+            .data
+            .write_at_offset(self.offset, &buf[..bytes_to_write])?;
+
+        self.offset += bytes_to_write as u64;
+        self.len -= bytes_to_write;
+
+        Ok(bytes_to_write)
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct SubSlice<'a, S: SliceLike> {
+    fat_fs: &'a mut FatFs<S>,
+
+    offset: u64,
+    len: usize,
+}
+
+impl<S: SliceLike> SubSlice<'_, S> {
+    pub fn new(fat_fs: &mut FatFs<S>, offset: u64, len: usize) -> SubSlice<'_, S> {
+        SubSlice {
+            fat_fs,
+            offset,
+            len,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn fat_fs(&self) -> &FatFs<S> {
+        self.fat_fs
+    }
+
+    pub fn fat_fs_mut(&self) -> &FatFs<S> {
+        self.fat_fs
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.len() == 0
+    }
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.len
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, S: SliceLike> SubSlice<'a, S> {
+    pub fn release(self) -> &'a mut FatFs<S> {
+        self.fat_fs
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: SliceLike> Read for SubSlice<'_, S> {
+    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> std::io::Result<usize> {
+        let bytes_to_read = self.len.min(buf.len());
+
+        self.fat_fs
+            .data
+            .read_at_offset(self.offset, &mut buf[..bytes_to_read])?;
+
+        self.offset += bytes_to_read as u64;
+        self.len -= bytes_to_read;
+
+        Ok(bytes_to_read)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/utils.rs b/src/utils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0fe9834
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+pub fn load_u16_le(bytes: &[u8]) -> u16 {
+    assert_eq!(bytes.len(), 2);
+
+    u16::from_le_bytes(bytes.try_into().unwrap())
+}
+pub fn load_u32_le(bytes: &[u8]) -> u32 {
+    assert_eq!(bytes.len(), 4);
+
+    u32::from_le_bytes(bytes.try_into().unwrap())
+}
+
+/// replace the value at x with f(x)
+///
+/// SAFETY:
+/// should be safe, I guess? MIRI didn't complain about it
+pub fn replace<T>(x: &mut T, f: impl FnOnce(T) -> T) {
+    unsafe {
+        let x_ptr = x as *mut T;
+
+        let old_x = std::ptr::read(x_ptr);
+
+        let new_x = f(old_x);
+
+        std::ptr::write(x_ptr, new_x);
+    }
+}